I am Sam [2001] directed by JessieNelson and The Curious Incident of the Dog the Night Time [2003] writtenby Mark Haddon

Narratives whatever the medium can reflect the cultural context that produced them. They can underline our dominant representations and perpetuate contemporary values which validate society's collective view of the world. Text's both non print and print are commercially driven, designed for public consumption. To attain mass appeal, texts act to confirm habitual ways of thinking and acting in the world. As a product of its contextual community, narratives amplify ideologies within society at the time the text was produced. With similar producer/audience social framework reader/viewers may actively engage ith the narrative to cross examine society's collective view of the world. The two contemporary texts I am Sam [2001] directed by Jessie Nelson and The Curious Incident of the Dog the Night Time [2003] written by Mark Haddon illustrate cultural narratives which reflect and assess the social frame work of their writer/producer. The two texts connect with contemporary culture to highlight the notion of happiness which underpins western society's dominant ideologies and cultural assumptions of success, mental/social intelligence, materialism and wealth. I am Sam directed by Jessie Nelson is an unforgettable story of life, ove and laughter. The touching tale glorifies two of the most ambiguous and controversial contemporary ideas on child rearing. The feature film maps a mentally challenged adult Sam Dawon [Sean Penn] who singularly raises his daughter Lucy up to her seventh birthday. As it soon becomes apparent that Lucy is intellectually surpassing her father, she begins to intentionally stunt her own growth. Which forces Lucy to walk the line between daughter and parent as her innocence and happiness are jeopardised when a series of misunderstandings leaves Sam fighting to retain custody of his seven year old daughter. This legal battle see's Sam seek the aid of self absorbed, successful lawyer Rita Harrison [Michelle Pfeiffer] who's ambition and sense of social failure pushes her into taking on Sam's case free of charge. Together they must find a way to communicate to each other, to their children and the legal system that a parent is a parent and no matter what the nature of a parent's intelligence or financial status, love is what every child needs. Mark Haddon's The curious incident of the dog in the night time is an original, clever and genuinely moving novel. The text amplifies many rofound issues of human relationships and accepting differences. This murder mystery novel maps fifteen year old Christopher John Francis Boone who knows all the countries of the world, their capitals and every prime number up to 7 057. He takes everything that he sees or is told at face value, and is unable to sort out the strange behaviour of his elders and peers. Although gifted with a superbly logical brain, Christopher is autistic. Routine, order and predictability protect him from the messy, wider world that is until he comes across his neighbour's poodle Wellington impaled on a garden pitch fork. Christopher seizes upon this mystery as a puzzle like a maths problem in hopes of understanding something that makes no sense to him; he sets out to solve the mystery of who killed Wellington. But the investigation leads him down some unexpected paths, as Christopher's write up of his discoveries for the creation of his murder mystery novel evolves into the story of his life. As Christopher is positioned face to face with the dissolution of his parent's marriage. As he tries to deal with the crisis within his own family, we are drawn to the workings of Christopher's mind. This highlights to readers an incredibly vivid xperience of what it is like to be some one who thinks and reacts so differently to what we consider the norm. The archetypical cultural assumptions which frame the notion of success and happiness in the western world classify those that do not conform as â€Å"others†; misunderstood individuals. Non print text I am Sam conveys those marginalised by the dominant western representations, of what constitutes success and happiness through the prototagonist construction of Sam Dawson [Sean Penn]. The technical codes of camera angles, framing, distance and movement are utilised by the text to present the truggle taking place in Sam's head. Viewers are positioned to see the world through Sam's eyes with whirling handheld cameras, whop pans and staccato jump cuts mimicking Sam's bewildered point of view. This si evident in the feature films opening scene. The introductory montage frames Sam's hands colour coordinating sugar packets; the distance and position of the shots positions viewers in Sam's point of view. This intimate frame connected to John Powell's music of an polyphonic upbeat, fugue foregrounds the abstract ambience of Sam Dawson's consciousness. Encouraging viewer's curiosity to wonder why the world is different for him. Though audience perception of Sam is incomplete without the audio and symbolic codes which help fabricate Sean's Penn's character. Penn's mannerisms and vocal distortions evidently present Sam as ‘different'. as Sam Sean Penn speaks in tight toneless clumps, punctuated by bursts of childlike glee. As evident in the opening scene. Sam: â€Å"decafe double tall non fat for Bruce† Customer [Bruce] :†you've got it buddy† hands connect in high five slap Sam: â€Å"that's a wonderful choice Bruce† Customer [Bruce] :†thankyou Sam† Sam: â€Å"yeah it certainly is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † Customer [Bruce] :†thankyou†¦ † Sam's manner of walking and holding his hands contributes to convey the struggle taking place in his head. As presented in this initial scene. Sam claps his hands and pounds every surface drumming out a beat to a song only he can hear. This quick paced opening constructs Sam to exist as the western society ‘mist understood' individual. With the social status, emotional and intellectual state of the character being perpetuated endorsing the values and cultural assumptions that frame the notion of success and happiness. The grown man earning $8 dollars an hour exists in a parallel universe to the world of dominant western members. The conventions and techniques of construction employed by the text to formulate the underlying expectations which constitute success and happiness with Sam an explicit representation of those individuals who subvert the naturalised ideology. Contemporary western society ideologies of success and happiness have mapped archetypal cultural assumptions which individuals must conform to represent one who upholds the respecting values. Feature film I am Sam erpetuates the notion of success and happiness via Rita Harrison [Michelle Pfeiffer] who acts to affirm dominant representations. Beverly Hills Lawyer, Rita Harrison conveys a lifestyle which much of western society uphold or aspire to; too busy for anything, caught up in games and rat races, that we believe will bring money, status, power and thus entitle individuals to success and happiness. Symbolic codes are employed by the text to construct Rita to represent society's archetypal assumptions of success and happiness. Binary opposition of the archetypal cultural assumptions which oreground the notion of success and happiness in the modern western world reflect yet shape the social frame work of the texts writing/reading/viewing. Feature films allow us to enter worlds outside our own lives and challenge us to see things in different ways. Contemporary text I am Sam amplifies the naturalised ideologies within society at the time the narrative was produced, highlighting the notion of success and happiness in the modern western world. The text offers a confirmation of society's existing archetypal cultural assum ptions which frame the notion of success and happiness. Though I am Sam offers another perspective of those most often marginalised by the dominant western representation. Binary opposition of how we interact and perceive the world reflects yet challenges the archetypal cultural assumptions which frame the notion of happiness and success. Operating to shape the social frame work of the texts writing/reading. The Curious Incident of the Dog the Night Time, offers readers to see the world though fresh eyes, in a different way. Not only does the novel position readers to see how a child with Asperger's syndrome might approach the world around him, it opens ndividual readers eye's purely by his different approach. Haddon's strength is his ability to present to the reader common situations as looked at from Christopher's new and some what disconcerting perspective. â€Å"Most people are lazy. They never look at everything. They do what is glancing which is the same word for bumping off something and carrying on in almost the same direction, eg when a snooker ball glances off another snooker ball. And the information in their head is really simple. For example, if they are in the country side, it might be 1. I am standing in a field that is full of grass. . There are some cows in the fields 3. It is sunny with a few clouds 4. There are some flowers in the grass. 5. There is a village ion the distance 6. There is a fence at the edge of the field and it has a gate in. And then they would stop noticing because they would be thinking something else like, ‘Oh, it is very beautiful here,' or, ‘I'm worried that I might have left the gas cooker on,' or, ‘I wonder if Julie has given birth yet. ‘ But if I'm standing in a field in the countryside I notice everything. ‘ This disorienting and reorienting of the reader manages to bring readers eep inside Christopher's mind and situate them comfortably within his limited, severely logical point of view. To the extent that readers begin to question the common sense and erratic emotionalism of the normal western citizens who surround, the protagonist, as well as contemporary western institutions and habits of perception. Positioning readers to consider how their individual mind works and how that may differ from others. Guiding readers to critique aspects of western life by means of the naturalised ideologies and cultural assumptions majority of western citizens uphold as their understandings and view of the world re transformed. The misunderstood individual is one which subverts the confimity of domiant cultural frame works. Archetypal cultural assumptions which formulate the notion of happiness in the contempory western world are perpetuated and reinforced through print text The Curious Incident of the Dog the Night Time. As Haddon's explict misanthropy represenation of protagonist Christopher vaildates the underlying expectations which constitues the notion of happiness and success. As readers examinate a condition that is barely comprehended by society, demonstrating how society responds to those it views as abberrant. Haddon presentsthe story in Chrisopher's words as the style of writing contributes to reflect the protagonist perpective. With fragmented chapters of breathless paragraphs and short staccato burts which are framed by unconventional prime numbers to subhead chapters in plcae of cardinal numbers accounts the novel like a stream of logic rather than a stream of cosciousness. The narration allernates with mathematical material, riddles, maps and drawings which demonstrates how Christopher's life is intensely visual; with words and language as secondary forms of communication. Utimately the novel regards the predicatable laws of science far easier to grasp than the passions of people, and hence less frightening. But at the same time, this book affrims for us the importance of such emotions and even if our narrator does not in the end appricate this, the reader does. As the misanthrope perpective where logic is that of paramount importance, perpetuates archetypal cultural assumptions as readers learn to appreicate their social skills which enable them to cope with the myriads of daily hurdles. A fansinating moment in the narrative which maps the cultural aleination of Christopher comes when the young boy realtes his faviour dream. † † A world in which all normal people die of a virus that the autistic are immuine to. The autistic are then free to lead their lives in silence and without the need to look others in the eye or to interpret idiomatic speech. This misanthrope thought constructs protagonist Christopher as an individual whom does not conform to the underlying expectations which constitute teh notion of happiness in the western world. The techniques of construction that present Christopher's perpective postion readers to percieve his austic view point as aberrant. Reinforcing the cultural assumptions as means of conforms of the notion as Christopher explictly subverts them. Print texts provide an ideal avenue to reflect society's values and alter reader's personal perspectives by improving their understandings of the world and social frame work which surround them. Contemporary text The Curious Incident of the Dog the Night Time amplifies the naturalised ideologies within society at the time the narrative was roduced, highlighting the notion of happiness and the cultural assumptions which it advocates. Haddon's novel presents a confirmation of western society's existing ways of thinking and behaving. In doing so The Curious Incident of the Dog the Night Time is an potential site to reassess naturalised idealogies. As readers are guided by the narrative to cross examine their own individual social frame work. As Haddon takes a life that seems horribly constrained and invites readers to view this life with succient imagination demonstrating it to be infinite. But the text does more than that. It sights how little seperates us from those we turn away from in the street. It's about how badly we communicate with one another. It's about accepting that every life is narrow and that our only escape from this is not to run away [to another country, another relationship, a slimmer, more confident self] but to learn to love the people we are and the world in which we find ourselfs. Haddons use of cognitive astrayment through Christophers severly logical point of view popstions readers to question the common sense and cultural assumptions of their own western instiutions, and habits of perception. For example; I found myself questioning whether it is any less logical for 3 red cars to mean that a happy day is ahead, than it is for the frequently western practised symbol of ‘sunshine' meanign a good rewarding day is in advance. As Christopher says â€Å"People go on hoildays to see new things†¦. but i think that there are so many things just in one house that it would take years to think about all of them properly† This vivid portrait of an unique often marginlised perception of life coping rituals highlights the small things in life that most of us forget to look at. The ‘life lessons' situate readers to acknowledge the commonly framed ‘invaild' can excel the minds of those individuals who conform to cultural assumptions. As readers learn although Christopher's path is different from most, he is still in search for the happiness we all seek†¦ As readers appreciate teh strange unique beauty of Chrisophers grasp of life. Which demonstrates the profound functions of the human mind and encourages individuality as the text proves idealogies are apparent without cultural frameworks.

Aristotle’s Theory of Poetics

Aristotle’s Theory of Poetics Research Assignment Aristotle bases his theory of poetics on greek tragedy. He defines tragedy as â€Å"the imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude, complete in itself. † (Melani, 2009) He views that, â€Å"Tragedy is a form of drama exciting the emotions of pity and fear. Its action should be single and complete, presenting a reversal of fortune, involving persons renowned and of superior attainments,and it should be written in poetry embellished with every kind of artistic expression. † . (Melani, 2009) Usually the writer would present the emotions of pity and fear within tragedy which interprets catharsis. Aristotle viewed the term catharsis as the â€Å"purging† of emotions such as pity or fear which are triggered with tragic action within greek plays Aristotle draws a difference between tragedy and other genres, as the audience watches the tragedy, they feel a â€Å"tragic pleasure of pity and fear†. In order for the tragic hero to arouse these feelings in the audience, he cannot be either all good or all evil but must be someone the audience can identify with; however, if he is superior, the tragic pleasure is intensified.His disastrous end results from a mistaken action, which in turn arises from a tragic flaw or from a tragic error in judgment. â€Å"Often the tragic flaw is known as hubris, pride that causes the hero to ignore a warning. It has been suggested that because the tragic hero's suffering is greater than his offense, the audience feels pity; because the audience members perceive that they could behave similarly, they feel pity. An example of this is evident within the tragedy Oedipus Rex. (Melani, 2009) Catharsis Aristotle argues that the best tragedies and some of the best plays, since Aristotle considers tragedy to be the highest dramatic form, when the use of reversal and recognition to achieve catharsis is present during a tragedy or a play, he finds that with this aspect in perspective they are the best. Aristotle often writes reversal works with a story's spine or center in order to ensure that the hero comes full circle.An example of this is highlighted in the play Oedipus Rex, a hero who undergoes such a reversal and thus has cathartic self-recognition. Aristotle considers catharsis to be a form of redemption such that even though Oedipus' recognition is tragic it still redeems him: he no longer lives in ignorance of his tragedy but instead he decides to accept his fate. He sees that redemption is not the only result of catharsis; the audience also undergoes a catharsis in a good drama.The hero's catharsis induces both pity and fear in the audience, they pity the hero, and fear that his fate could possibly happen to us. Mimises Aristotle believes that there are two main aspects to think of art: some would consider art to be an expression of what is original and unusual in human behavious whilst Aristotle argues that ar t is â€Å"imitative†, it is a representation of life, and this idea motivated Aristotle. â€Å"He devotes much of the Poetics to exploring the methods, significance, and consequences of the imitation of life.Aristotle concludes that art's imitative tendencies are expressed in one of three ways: a poet attempts to portray our world as it is, as we think it is, or as it ought to be. † (Zuern) Aristotle believed that all poetry is an imitation or mimesis. Aristotle imagines that poetry springs from a basic human delight in mimicry. Humans learn through imitating and are fascinated by looking at imitations of the perceived world. The mimetic dimension of the poetic arts is, always representational. This was known as mimesis.During Aristotle's time, critics considered epic poetry to be the supreme art form, but Aristotle though differently, he viewed tragedy as the better of the two forms. Aristotle believes that tragedy, can entertain its written form, but also can transl ate onstage into a drama of spectacle and music. Aristotle often felt that the use of the word â€Å"unity,† was sometimes misunderstood. He considers that unity is the ability of the best dramatic plots to revolve around a central axis that ‘unites' all actions within a play.Aristotle believed that a unified drama will have a ‘spine': a main idea which motivates all the action, character, thoughts, diction and spectacle in the play. (Gradesaver, 2012) Work Cited  · â€Å"Aristotle's Poetics Study Guide. † . 4Shared, n. d. Web. 6 Sep 2012. .  ·Ã¢â‚¬ Aristotle's Poetics Themes. † GradeSaver . N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Sep 2012. .  ·Melani, Lilia . â€Å"Tragedy. † . N. p. , 13 March 2009. Web. 5 Sep 2012. .  ·Zuern, John . â€Å"Aristotle Poetics. † CriticaLink. University of Hawai`i, 1999. Web. 6 Sep 2012. .

Power that Information Technology opens up in Information Essay

Power that Information Technology opens up in Information Technology-led organizational - Essay Example The rise of the discipline of statistics was an outcome of the will of the state to get knowledge of the population and its tendencies such as mortality, health, work or life styles and to control it better. To discuss how information technology has opened up the power and knowledge to information technology companies, the cases on the learning process and Business process reengineering and Enterprise Resource Process will be evaluated (Hammer and Champy (2001, p.39). Hammer and Champy (2001, p.89) state that learning process is a process of knowledge conversion, and it involves four modes. The assumption that knowledge is created through the relations between inferred and clear knowledge enables us to categorize the four modes: from tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge known as socialization, from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge called externalization, from explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge known as combination and lastly from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge also re ferred to as internalization. Socialization acts as a connection with the theories of group processes and culture of the organization. Combination entails processing of information while internalization is related to learning in organizations. Externalization is, however, neglected and has not closely been considered in many cases. Socialization is a process of experience sharing thus, creation of inferred knowledge such as mental modes, which are shared, and technical skills. Someone can acquire inferred knowledge from others directly without involvement of language. An outstanding example being that of apprentices who normally work beside their masters and learn craftsmanship, not by any mode of conversation but rather through observation, imitation, and practice. All that somebody requires to acquire is knowledge and experience (Hammer and Champy, 2001, p.103). According to Hammer and Champy (2001, p.103), experiences helps one by, projecting him into another individual’s thinking process and gain something. For example, Matsushita Electric industrial Company in Japan, a major problem in developing an automatic bread making machine in the late 1980s at the Osaka based Company concentrated on mechanizing the process of dough-kneading, which is essentially inferred knowledge processed by master bakers. Socialization also occurs between product developers and customers. Interactions of customers with product developers and after market introductions are, in, fact, a never ending process of sharing inferred knowledge and idea creation for improvement. Hammer and Champy (2001, p.100) argues that externalization such as from tacit to tacit to explicit is a process of articulating tacit knowledge into clear concepts. It is a typical knowledge creation process in that inferred knowledge becomes clear, taking the figures of metaphors, analogies, concepts, hypotheses, or models. By conceptualizing a figure, we express its essence mostly in language writing in an act of converting inferred knowledge into achievable knowledge. Words are often inadequate, insufficient and inconsistent. Such variations and breaks between figures and expressions, nevertheless, assist in promoting expression and interaction between individuals. Knowledge conversion of externalization mode is typically seen in the action of creation of concepts and is triggered by dialogue (Hammer and Cham

Critical Summary of a recent journal article in cognitive psychology Essay

Critical Summary of a recent journal article in cognitive psychology. The aim of this is to help students in their critical reading and note taking - Essay Example This article describes the different psychological aspects of how children tend to lie and whether the adults are able to determine if the child is lying or not. It explains a child’s psychology that with age a child starts to determine the concepts and thinking of adults and hence he can successfully lie. In this respect a lengthy research was conducted in which children from the age group of 10 to 13 were chosen and they were interviewed. These interviews were videotaped and shown to observers who were then questioned and data was collected from them to reach to a final result to determine the different verbal and non verbal aspects of a child’s lying and whether the adults could accurately find out if the child was lying or not. The results of the research showed that prepared lies were difficult to be caught than unprepared ones and the reason for this being that the children are able to think and plan the details before lying. It also showed that they could more easily know that the child is telling the truth but it is difficult for them to judge whether he is lying. And last but not the least adults were not good at determining the child’s deception. Regarding the children it was seen that they were equally nervous when they were telling a lie or the truth when facing the interviewer so this could not be considered to be a major factor. One interesting thing which was seen was that the lying patterns of children were somewhat similar to adults as they tried to remain calm and cool while lying and also they were actually trying to relate their lies with real life incidents. The final conclusion that we get is that it is very difficult for an adult to know if a child is lying or not. This poses a serious problem especially when children facing criminal charges are to be questioned. Factors that adults more often consider to check a child’s lie for example the

Book critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book critique - Assignment Example Content Summary The book "The 5 Love Languages of Teenagers: The secret to Loving teens effectively" by Gary Chapman deals with teenagers and the bond they share with their parents. Teenage is a time of life at which an individual is establishing his moralities, social beliefs and personality. Therefore children in their teens need their parent’s support, acceptance and unconditional love. Teenagers are vulnerable to negative and accusing words; instead they require words of affirmation and affection. Spending quality time with your teenagers and having real conversations is vital and so is to give your free acts of service. Parents should give thought to their child’s mood and preferences and should show patience when anger comes along, to win with their children ultimately by making them see reason. But in the view of the author the most significant of all things is to keep loving your children unconditionally, that is to show your support even when they fail to come up to your expectations1. Evaluation "The 5 Love Languages of Teenagers: The secret to Loving teens effectively" by Gary Chapman is a manual to parent child relationship when the child hits his teens. It looks into the matters of routine relationships and gives cause to make them special. It does that by giving counsel to parents such as when teenagers’ provide the parents with a cause of ceremony; they should celebrate it with gifts and praise. A particularly neglected idea when it comes to respect child’s want for independence was emphasized that the teenagers should start being given suitable responsibilities so that they might not feel their lives to be useless. The book also devotes some chapters for times when trouble in the life of teenager or the parent child relationship occurs. For example it gives excellent advice upon times when your child is not being the communicative type, and parents are having a hard time understanding the root of his problems. In addi tion it has helpful advice for single parents, who are the neediest cases. Looking into cons, the book fails to address (at large) teenage children who have a natural inclination towards law breaking and misconduct or have fallen into seriously bad company. Overall the book is a gain to youth ministry because it delves into teenage psychology to a great extent and provides reasonable solutions to the underlying intricacy. â€Å"Middle School Ministry Made Simple† by Kurt Johnston Author Information Kurt Johnston is working for junior high ministry from late 1980’s; to be specific he is the junior high Pastor at saddleback church in southern California. He has written a couple of books on the request of Standard publishing. His first book was â€Å"Controlled Chaos: Making Sense of Junior High Ministry†, whose upgraded version is presented in his new book "Middle School Ministry Made Simple†. He lives at Lake forest, California with his wife Rachel and his two children Kayla and Cole. Content Summary The book "Middle School Ministry Made Simple† and its author Kurt Johnston believe in the reforms that the junior high school world has been through and think it important to change the strategies to run junior high schools accordingly. The book provides a guideline on recruiting volunteers and the role they can play in middle school ministry by emphasizing on taking in a number of volunteers but

Iphone 5 Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iphone 5 Scenario - Essay Example With respect to the scenario under review, Apple is reportedly the first company to adopt and use relative technology, second generation LTE thin chips from Qualcomm Company. This has given it an upper hand and a competitive edge against its competitors in the telecommunications sector. Using the latest technology, it has been able to explore technological resources and use these in addressing wide ranging and emerging consumer needs. One of the devices that it has manufactured and which it wishes to sell includes the iPhone 5. The main aim for this is to present to the consumer base a smart telecommunication device with ideal features. The purpose of this paper is to undertake research regarding consumer perceptions and expectations of this product. Findings would be instrumental in ensuring that the product is customized to meet consumer needs. This will ensure that its performance in the market is optimal. In addition, the research would provide useful insights regarding consumer trends and changes in tastes and preferences. Based on this, Apple will be able to use its creativity in ensuring that relative needs and preferences and met accordingly. Besides this, market research will provide important information about the innovations of apple’s competitors. ... nship, Breen and Dukta (1998) found out that a significant percentage of the population fancy latest electronic products which meet their tastes and preferences. This can be used to explain why most of the users of iPhone 4S are not happy with the latest development. Ideally, they will be forced to purchase the new product in order to be at par with the market trends and lifestyle expectations. Previous trends regarding the performance of iPhone 4S in the market indicate that the sale of iPhone 5 would be a success. In this respect, a significant percentage of the population that purchased iPhone 4S had never used an iPhone before (Johnson, 2011). Market research ascertains that although iPhone 4 met most of the consumer needs, its low battery and storage capacity limits its effectiveness. Consumers are, thus, still searching for a product that would meet their needs, tastes and preferences in this respect. In their review, Hair, Wolfinbarger, Bush and Ortinau (2009) posit that iPhon e 5 provides the best opportunity for Apple to address these needs. Statistical evidence shows that a significant 35% of the consumer base has promised to buy the product immediately it is introduced in the market (Johnson, 2011). Aggressive marketing can go a long way in increasing this to a greater percentage. Previous trends indicate that consumers tend to gain confidence with a product after it is introduced and tested in the market. Research tools are instrumental in collecting vital data from the respondents. At this point, it is worth appreciating that the data collected is instrumental in credible decision making. It should therefore not only be comprehensive but also representative of the views of the consumer base. This would ensure that decisions made are based on informed

International Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Operations Management - Essay Example In the process different business strategies are also learnt and shared by the companies (Plenert, 2002, pp.35-38). The present study focuses on the international operations management and the related theories and considering the Unilever Company and studying the motivation, benefits, process and form of internationalization. Internationalization: Its Motivation, Benefit, Process and Form: The primary motive of a company trying to be global or become internationalized is to earn competitive advantage over other companies playing in the same industry but in other countries, with the help of the advancements in their knowledge and expertise. Motivations can be proactive or reactive that leads a company towards internationalization. Proactive motivations generally result from the company’s intentions to gain competitive advantage over others. A reactive motivation arises when a company plans to internationalize on requirement in a particular economic status of the country or the business. In many cases, expansion of a business to other countries proves to be beneficial in handling the pressures of competition from other companies. The several benefits that underlie the process of internationalization include the company’s being able to spread across the world thus reaching out to greater number of customer and shareholders. Moreover, the company gets to learn the new technologies and processes prevailing or used in the other countries and businesses (United Nations, 2009, p.9). Thus it can be understood that some companies follow the process for the enhanced results for their businesses, while others indulge in expansion as a result of the need for the company. Now in order to process the internationalization of a business, proper method needs to be followed such that the company does not experience a failure. This requires management committees to get involved and decide efficiently on the utilization of resources available to the company. The inves tment requiring finances is an essential factor that needs sufficient decision making. Also, since internationalization would involve expanding the businesses to other countries, several difficulties or problems might arise that the company should be able to encounter and handle effectively (United Nations, 2009, p.10). As far as the process and form of internationalization is concerned, the process would depend on the motivation of the company, its internal and external handling of operations, its similarity with the foreign market, the locations where the company already has its operations, as well as the mode that the company follows in performing its functions (United Nations, 2009, p.11). Considering these motivations, benefits, processes and forms of internationalization of a company can be understood. In the following section, the study would focus on the Unilever Company and its internationalization and try to associate the company’s state with the theories of interna tionalization. Unilever Company and its Internationalization: The Unilever Company is an extremely popular company and has its presence felt internationally. The company has always

Direct effect in the EU Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct effect in the EU Law - Essay Example This paper shall discuss the development of the doctrine of direct effect, the issues arising therefrom, and how the European Court of Justice resolved them. Moreover, it shall examine the dynamics in the relationship between the EU and the member-states and their individual citizens. Finally, it shall look into how the courts settle issues with regard to conflict arising from the implementation or non-implementation of EU laws and directives. Supremacy of EU Law The principle of supremacy of the EU law holds that in the event of conflict between the provisions of EU law and domestic law, the EU law shall prevail.1 This principle is anchored on the fact that when states signed the treaty creating the former EEC, the members had also signed off a part of their sovereignty to create a new sovereign that can bind both the state and its individual citizens.2 The Preamble of the Treaty on European Union declared in no uncertain terms that it aims to â€Å"establish a citizenship common t o nationals of their countries†3 and create â€Å"an even closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity.†4 Finally, the supremacy of EU law is sanctioned by the Treaty on European Union itself which mandates all states to â€Å"facilitate the achievement of the Community’s tasks†¦ [and] abstain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the objectives of this Treaty.†5 Aptly, the European Court of Justice interpreted the foregoing provision as a conferment of legal and enforceable rights unto the individual citizens of member states. EU treaties produce direct effects and â€Å"individual rights which national courts must protect.†6 Needless to state, concomitant with the exercise of these rights is compliance with the obligations created by virtue of the Treaty. Doctrine of Direct Effect The landmark case of Van Gend e n Loos saw the birth of the doctrine of direct effect which made the EU law a reliable source of statutory rights and obligations for parties litigating cases before domestic courts. In particular, the Court ruled that Article 30 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) which prohibits the imposition of custom duties within the Union has confered rights upon the individual nationals which may not be impaired by domestic laws and which may be invoked before national courts.7 Apparently, the realm of treaties does not end with member states; it extends further to individual citizens, vested rights and imposed obligations alike. The court has upheld the rights acquired by individual citizens by virtue of the provisions of the Treaty and declared that it â€Å"must be interpreted as producing direct effects and creating individual rights which national courts must protect.†8 Van Gend en Loos became the controlling jurisprudence insofar as direct effect of tre aties is concerned. However, subsequent cases had pushed the bar and thus expanded the doctrine’s application to include other forms of EU legislations. Seven years after the 1963 case of Van Gend en Loos, the Court ruled in the case of Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein that provisions of Council Decisions are also capable of â€Å"producing direct effects in the legal relationships between the member states to which the decision is addressed and those subject to their jurisdiction.†

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Global Warming - Essay Example Erosion and urbanization continue to be the main culprit that has destroyed livestock. Peterson (2005)Agriculture demands in have slowly exponentially have to be in compliance with the environmental rules that propagated the cause for deforestation. As a matter of fact, this article is firm to promote an organic approach that would diminish integrated pest management and safe use of insecticide, pesticides, weedicide, and herbicides. As a result, water resources are scarce because of obvious human development as water pollution and corrosion continue to plague the eco system. Water resources depend on the hydrologic cycle, on climate change, and to some degree on fossil water in the ground. Peterson (2005) The constant depletion of natural resources are building up atmospheric pressure that is detrimental to the environment. As a result, the massive amount of population growth and the associated increase in agriculture, which has incite to utilize groundwater resources. It is evident that water scarcity will be an issue. Hence, this poses a serious problem of seeking other sources for energy, which results in burning fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels is a detriment to the environment because it forces climate change. This is a mitigation risk that needs to be embedded. One of the high focal points that has been emphasized over the years as an alternative approach for energy source has been solar energy in this realm. The utilization of a solar initiative can be a very robust solution that can be utilized for powering residential and industrial purposes. One of the many advantages that solar energy offer is substantial reduction in pollution since no waste product is yielded. The production of energy is being derived from use of fossil fuel. Another great facet that solar energy offers is the fact that it can harness electricity in

Annotated bibliography on cognition for deaf Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On cognition for deaf - Annotated Bibliography Example The research design was based on the intervention program which incorporated language measures, measures of non-verbal intelligence and vocabulary skills of the sample. The researcher has utilized standard measurement and assessment protocols for each examination. SD (Standard Deviation), PTA (Pure Tone Average), DEIP (Diagnostic Early Intervention Program), TC (Total Communication), FM (Frequency Modulate), PPVT (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test), EOWPVT (Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test), SE (Standard Error) and PLAI (Preschool Language Assessment Instrument). The researcher of this study has acquired the previous experience through literature that appropriate interventions can help deaf or hard of hearing individuals to achieve language abilities similar to a hearing and normal individual. Several empirical researches have influenced the researcher to utilize and assess the outcomes of language intervention on deaf children’s linguistic capabilities. The researcher of this study has examined every deaf and hard of hearing child using standard protocols of EOWPVT and PLAI after the completion of DEIP. Every test was conducted in a separate setting and time on the whole sample. The study explored that the impact of DEIP is significantly better in those children who were enrolled in a younger age than those who were enrolled later. The negative correlation of enrolment age and language outcomes was found at the age of 5 years in the whole sample. The degree of hearing loss did not have a significant impact in the measurements and

Three defining moments in Canadian history Essay Example for Free

Three defining moments in Canadian history Essay All throughout Canada in the 20th Century there have been numerous events, actions, and decisions that we call defining moments. Canada has been through many battles, hard-chosen decisions, and changes that have changed the way Canadians live today. The second battle of Ypres, the life on the home front in World War Two, and the invasion of D-day helped enrich Canada with their contributions to food, fashion, religion, education, business, and politics. All these moments were significant for Canada and changed the way we Canadians live today. OK, well go! With these words, General Elsenhower, commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces, announced the beginning of the long-awaited and -planned invasion of Europe. The Normandy beaches of northern France were selected as the site of invasion, because they were close to Britain and the invading army, supply ships, and reinforcements. A huge army gathered in the South of England. American troops numbering 1.25 million joined a similar number of British and Commonwealth troops, including 30,000 Canadians. Four thousand landing craft, 700 war ships, and 11,000 planes were ready. The Germans had 60 divisions in northern France and the Netherlands under the command of Field Marshall Rommel. In the spring of 1944, Allied bombers started attacking and destroying Nazi military sites in northern France. The idea was to soften the enemy defences. D-Day, Day of Deliverance, was fixed for June 5, 1944. But the invasion had to be postponed due to bad weather. At 2:00 a.m. on June 6, paratroopers were dropped to protect the landing forces. Seventy-five minutes later, 2000 bombers began to pound German defences on the beaches. At 5:30 a.m., the air raids were joined by the guns of the Allied warships. Then, at precisely 6:30 a.m., the first waves of Canadian, British, and American troops poured onto the beaches of France. This was Canadas largest military operation. Fourteen thousand soldiers were set to hit the beaches of France. The Royal Canadian Navy had 100 ships with 10,000 sailors in the operation. Flying overhead were 36 bomber squadrons of the RCAF. The Canadian soldiers landed at Juno Beach, and faced underwater obstacles, land mines, barbed wire, and heavy machine-gun fire from the Germans. At the end of the day, they had met their objectives, the only Allied force to do so that day. They had suffered 335 dead and 739 other casualties. Within a week, the Allies had 300,000 troops safely on  shore. Within a month, 1 million Allies had landed with 200,000 military vehicles. Though the Nazi forces fought hard, Hitler was now caught with war on two front, east and west. The second battle of Ypres (or modern Lepers) was one that completely changed the worlds perspective of Canada. Through courage and determination, the Canadian army was able to prove their strength. It all started in 1914 with the first battle of Ypres, in which the Germans had to reconsider their unsuccessful Alfred Von Schlieffen plan. They wanted to quickly eliminate the British and French, so they could finally attack Russia with full force. However, since they did not have enough time to constitute a new plan, the Germans decided to stick with the old one and use new warfare. By 1915, the second battle of Ypres was already under way, when the Germans decided to attack the potential weak spot in between the Canadian and French trenches. With the use of chlorine (or mustard) gas, the Germans were able to force the French army into retreating. The Canadians, however, used their combined thinking power to improvise a simple, effective gas mask, and fought back. The gas mask was composed of urine and a handkerchief, since the moisture could block the chlorine gas and allow for some oxygen to get in as well. When the German army moved out, they wore specialized uniforms and gas masks, and carried barbarous rifles such as the Bayonet. This gave them an overall inhuman and alien-like appearance, which was bound to scare anyone. However, this failed to intimidate the Canadians, as they simply went out with their own Bayonets and gas masks, and stalled the German army at their trenches. The other half of the army, however, had already punched holes in the French trenches and moved further into the battlefield. Thus, the Canadian army moved back and dispersed for a quick counter-attack. They filled in the gap left by the French, and pushed back the arrogant German army. At the same time, they fought the army that opposed their own trenches, and pushed them back even further. Since the German army never expected any resistance or counter-attack, they were completely vulnerable to the Canadian attack and had to retreat. When reinforcements from the French and British reserves arrived, they were surprised to find that the Canadians had in fact done the job of two armies. On that day, every Canadian soldier grew a few inches taller, and elevated  in honour, rank, reputation, skill, talent, strength, courage, and determination. For every victory, however, there is a price to pay, and for this great defensive victory, the number of casualties was paid in full. Of a maximum divisional strength of 18,000 that had started the battle, 5975 Canadians had become casualties, of whom over 1000 were fatal. The civilian population or activities of a country at war are called the home front. During WWII, the Canadian government proclaimed the War Measures Act and interned many Jewish, Italian, German, and Japanese Canadians, while sending 16,000 conscripted soldiers overseas. The War Measures Act was previously used in World War One against Ukrainian Canadians, but it was not merely as severe as in World War Two. The role of women grew closer to enemy grounds (such as actual navy, army, and air force positions), and once again, the rest took the jobs of men. Canadians grew dependant on the United States with NATO, NORAD, and Camp X. At times of war, the panicking people would rush to buy foods and supplies. Therefore, the Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) was established to control prices and supervise the distribution of food and other scarce goods. People needed ration cards to buy items such as gasoline, butter, sugar, meat, tea, and coffee. Rationing is when the government puts a limit to the amount every civilian can buy. As in WWI, total war meant that all industries, materials, and people were put to work for the war effort. The war basically affected everyone in Canada. In a very real sense, however, Canada also grew with the war. WWII helped Canada establish its place as an important middle power among world nations, while its GNP (Gross National Production) of goods (asbestos, aluminium, coal, manganese, chemicals, and paper) tripled, and all of its main industries expanded (thanks to the increased production of vital agricultural goods, such as wheat, flour, bacon, ham, eggs, canned meat, and fish). After the war, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the threat of a Third World War had people on the home front protesting about national security. The debate was mainly over Canada having nuclear warheads of its own, which most saw as a way to achieve national security, while others found it revolting and immoral. However, in 1963, when Lester B. Pearson of the Liberals became Prime Minister, all of the Bomarc missiles in Canada were armed with nuclear warheads. With the second battle of Ypres, the Germans persisted to use the Von Schlieffen plan, but with new chlorine gas warfare. Although the French retreated from their trenches, the brave Canadian soldiers stood their ground and improvised a gas mask composed of a handkerchief and urine. In doing so, they were able to stall the German forces at their trenches, and move back for a counter-attack at the Germans entering the French trenches. The surprised German forces could do nothing but retreat, and the Canadians gained international recognition for their selfless efforts. Of the 18,000 Allied soldiers present that day, 1,000 were dead and 5,957 were injured. On the home front, the War Measures Act was used to intern Jewish, Italian, German, and Japanese Canadians, while conscripting 16,000 soldiers to go overseas. Women grew closer to enemy lines with new positions in the army, navy, and air force. Canadian dependence on the United States grew with the establishment of the North American Air Defense Command, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and Camp X. Total war industries and workers were put to work for the war effort. The long-awaited and -planned attack on Normandy occurred on D-day, 1944, with an almost never-ending wave of Allied troops, air raids, and warships. It was the largest military operation for Canadians who landed at Juno Beach, and faced underwater obstacles, land mines, and machine-gun fire from the Germans. However, at the end of the day, they were the only successful Allied troops with 335 dead and 739 injured. Nazis were now caught with heavy fire from both East and West. The second battle of Ypres in World War One, life on the home front in World War Two, and invasion of D-day helped Canada become the great nation it is today, a century later.

Presidents and Governors Powers

Presidents and Governors Powers The presidency and governance have more in common when it comes to its history that what you can see in a first glance, few are the people that actually compare the two and draw parallels between the two without looking for it or discuss it beforehand. When we look at its history both come from a place where what they were looking for was independence and how the government works nowadays is a direct result of that, when the United States obtained independence the founders focus their efforts into creating a Constitution that would not follow the lead of other countries, but it would create a new system that work for them, the first constitutions were much less organized, it granted less responsibilities and power than the ones that came after it. The Texas constitution, in the other hand, was in control of Spain at first and then of Mexico, until it independence was achieved, their constitution reflected the several paths they had to take in order to become independent not only by name, but what it has in common with the US constitutions is the desire behind it to create an actual independent system that worked for them and do not adapt it from other country, having as a result the creation of an executive that the world has never seen (George et al, 398). Over the years the necessity of have a more efficient constitution would lead to the continuous amendment of it. In order to serve you should have certain qualifications to be eligible to the presidency or governance, both have very clear requirements that must fulfil, one of the most important is to be an US citizen by birth, if what you are looking for is to be the governor of Texas then you must be a legal citizen, but it does not matter if you become a citizen instead ofÂÂ   being born here and the time that you have been a citizen does not influence, in Texas a naturalized citizen can become the governor regardless of the time the person has been a citizen, but if you want to run for the United States presidency then you must be a citizen by birth, although there has been debates of what that constitutes since many have argue the if the child meet the legal requirements for US citizenship at the moment of birth then is regarded as a US citizenship by birth, one of the case could be that the parents are US citizens so their child is entitle to the citizenship. Since someone could be a citizen, but have not been most of their lives in the US a state citizenship is require, if you want to run for the governance of Texas, then you must have live at least five years in the state of Texas, but you would have a better chance if you have live there more than ten years. When it comes to the presidency, like it was previous mentioned, someone may be an US citizen by birth, but had never live here, so the candidate should have been living here for at least fourteen years. The last qualification that you are require to fulfill is to be age appropriate, for the governance in the state of Texas you should be at least thirty years old, while for the presidency you should be thirty-five to qualify, this is in order to have an experienced and mature person in the job. As we can see the presidency is slightly stricter regardless of qualification than the Texas governance, but Texas is one of the states that comes closer to it since in comparison to other states, since Texas has more clear and specific requirements to meet than others. When it comes to compare, the power granted to the presidency and governance there are very similar, both have little executive power is even consider weak. In both cases this lack of power is done in purpose, since the abuse perpetuated by past executives the checks and balances was established in the Texas governance and the presidency. In the presidency, the way power is used has been evolving thanks to the presidents themselves, they have been expanding responsibilities and resources which has led them to have more power than the constitution allows. According to the constitution one of the functions of the president and the governor is to enforce the law, in order to so the constitution allow the president to be able to appoint cabinet jobs and agency chiefs, but the governor has to work alongside those who the electoral also choose, leaving the governor working with people who may not be supporters of his policies or values, while the president is free of choosing his cabinet thus allowing him a better work environment and in a better position than the Texas governor when it comes to establishing policies, the president is the definite authority when it comes to the final decision of a cabinet discussion, which puts his cabinet as one of advisers instead of executives, the Texas governor does not have that luxury in order to pass any legislation he must convince or pass a bill that fits the beliefs of the senate. The reason why the Texas governance is weakened compare to the presidency is historical and it begun with the Texas Constitution of 1876 due to the reconstruction after the Civil War, after it the constitution was amendment a numerous time which ended up making it the second longest in the country, uses very specific languages in polices that were previously abused, while as seem as whole the constitution becomes hard to understand with the vocabulary used at the time and the refusal of the framers to create the constitution in a slower pace and in good quality presentation. Nowadays it is impossible for the governor to claim he or she does not know what his or her constituents want, with social media citizens make their voices be heard, so in order to improve the role of the governor hearing the people is always the beginning. The reelection option was made in order to motive the public serves to do better in order to be reelected, this may be a negative thing since instead of doing was its best for the state, they take decisions according how much it will help their chances to be reelected, this is also true when it comes to the senate and the house since the electoral chooses their serves, passing or creating bills can become a game in which if the person with the contrary belief win, it would be a lost to the others, when they should be worrying about what is best in general and not what seems to look better for one or the other party. In conclusion, while the two of these jobs evolve into lack of power, the presidency has more power than the Texas government, because while it does have a history with independence the repercussion were major in Texas, while in the presidency is more balanced, the president is allow to choose the head of the departments having an advantage since they would likely agree with him and otherwise his work has more weight than the others, the governor has to work extremely well with others, who also have different opinions, stances and beliefs. Works Cited Henson, J. R. (2016). Texas politics. 3rd ed. Asheville, NC: Soomo Learning. Available from hNp://www.webtexts.com Edwards III, And George, C. Chapter 13. The Presidency. American Government. Pearson Education

The public sector and tourism

The public sector and tourism But are governments important to tourism, and how do they become involved with tourism management? What are the effects on tourism-has it led to success or failure? Governments and tourism-Tourism needs favourable conditions to thrive-these are stability and security,a sound legal structure with provision of vital services and necessary infrastructure(the roads,water supplies,a favourable environment.)All these the State is able to provide.It is the government who has the influence and political clout for decisions and course direction.The degree of involvement and commitment are most important here.These two factors exist with varying degrees of effect within each country on the globe.PSM or public sector management involves action implementation and policy direction through the government.The principles of accountability on behalf of the public having the necessary support of the legal framework and political system prevailing. Why governments intervene in the tourism sector-First and foremost if there is no monitoring of tourism activity there could occur sudden deterioration of the environment with consequences to the local population.Both facilities and infrastructure as supplied by government contribute as enabling factors with positive benefits of the populations well-being and provision of increased tax revenue.Jobs, also a very important issue are thereby able to be created.See Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism WTO(1998:29).Much of the developing world has embraced the immediate benefits to its economy by the pursuit of such investment.Critics would point out the potential for damage by alteration of the localitys social and cultural fabric.There are also leakages whereby the revenue generated is not experienced by the locality it gets diverted elsewhere to overseas investors with a stream of cheap labour coming in to fill potential seasonal employment occupancies for the locals. Politics tend to deal in wider frameworks and this is not alwaysin the best interests of the people.The Franco regime of the 60s utilised tourism for political acceptability.France has always sought to the position of the welfare state on behalf of the poorer members of its society.It is similar to recreational tourism most evident in the Soviet era where cultivation of a workers climate is applicable to the spas,resorts and holiday camps.The government of the UK expounded the potential of the tourism industry for being able to accommodate to large numbers of unemployed during the 1980s when unemployment was at a high level.A transnational body such as the EU has consistently supported financial aid for the creation of infrastructure in the outlying regions of the world.Aid is rendered by the more wealthy nations to those who are impoverished to generate immediate recovery and wealth the Pacific Islands being a case in point. Government intervention and tourism performance-The tourism industry is a very complex category and requires proper coordination   encouraged to achieve positive results.It is pointed out that with extensive government involvement there is inevitable bureaucratic regulation and stiflement this deterring would-be investment from the private sector.Government intervention is necessary where there is present seasonal dependency and the local economy cannot be kept running all year round. The political complexion of local councils is very variable interest in tourism is likely to wax and wane.Government is concerned with obtaining as much quality statistical data as it is able so as to understand how these local economies function and so be able to assist more effectively but still is a very fragmented process.Resolve of conflict directly concerns government intervention;and similar to politics is concerns a balancing strategy between the tourism industry and disenchanted opposition more often than not the local residents themselves. Strategic objectives are more likely to be pursued by government Jeffries(2001) has pinpointed two viewpoints.Firstly redeployment of tourist visitors taking into account the seasonal variation patterns and secondly geographical redeployment in steering tourism flows elsewhere.It is argued for the first strategm that extension of the tourist season with an improved range of visitor and domestic attractions offered during the low season there will automatically occur increased business interest and therefore activity.Employment growth might well occur rather than sustaining a low seasonal level.The second strategm concerns direct intervention and an example of this would be the Languedoc-Rousillon coastal region to the south of Montpellier.A certain number of bespaces were guaranteed for the resort area and improved throughout the 70s and 80s.In this case regional development has occurred to assist an undeveloped region. Locally in the UK the saturation effects experienced from an influx of tourism has prompted definitive measures to contain it;examples of this would be Stratford-upon-Avon,Cambridge with York and Canterbury

The Republican Party: Overall Issues, 1860-1868 :: essays research papers

The Republican Party: Overall Issues, 1860-1868 The Republican party during the 1860's was known as the party more concerned with "civil rights" and the common American. This came about through a series of sweeping changes in the party that occurred during two major time periods: the 1860-1864 and 1864-1868. The changes in the party reflected the attitude in the North as opposed to the confederate, democratic South. The main issue that divided the two was slavery and its implications for control of the nation. The best illustration of the party's anti-slavery sentiment (as contrasted to abolitionism) in 1860, is the fact that although the party was against slavery , it refused to attempt to stamp it out of the regions it was already present. For example, in the Republican Party Platform for 1860, the party states its abhorrence for slavery and declares that slavery should not be instituted into new territories, but it never tries to outlaw it from Southern states. "That the normal conditions of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom...and we deny the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature or of any individuals, to give existence to Slavery in any Territory of the United States." In the first four years of the 1860's, the North and South waged war over these issues, with the Republican North emerging victorious. The Republicans took charge of the national political power. Although he worked with an anti-slavery platform, President Lincoln attempted to make a generous peace with the South, with hopes of expanding the power of the Republican party with support from the South. Examples of this can be found in the fact that Confederate officials were not barred from public office, compensation for lost slaves was not ruled out and Lincoln hinted that he would be generous with pardons to rebel leaders. With the Emancipation Proclamation, the Republicans gained freedom for slaves, but not social or political equality. During the years of 1864-1868, the Republican platform again changed with the public opinion in the North to one of abolition. In the platform for the National Union Convention, the party affirmed its support for an Amendment to "terminate and forever prohibit the existence of slavery within the limits or jurisdiction of the United States." The 13th Amendment confirmed the death of slavery. However, the so-called "Black Codes" that Southern governments implemented forced abolitionist Republicans in Congress to clash with President Andrew Johnson over the passage of a new Freedmen's Bureau bill and a Civil Rights Act. This clash signified a division between the old Republican values of tolerance and the new platform of slave rights. The Republican Party: Overall Issues, 1860-1868 :: essays research papers The Republican Party: Overall Issues, 1860-1868 The Republican party during the 1860's was known as the party more concerned with "civil rights" and the common American. This came about through a series of sweeping changes in the party that occurred during two major time periods: the 1860-1864 and 1864-1868. The changes in the party reflected the attitude in the North as opposed to the confederate, democratic South. The main issue that divided the two was slavery and its implications for control of the nation. The best illustration of the party's anti-slavery sentiment (as contrasted to abolitionism) in 1860, is the fact that although the party was against slavery , it refused to attempt to stamp it out of the regions it was already present. For example, in the Republican Party Platform for 1860, the party states its abhorrence for slavery and declares that slavery should not be instituted into new territories, but it never tries to outlaw it from Southern states. "That the normal conditions of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom...and we deny the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature or of any individuals, to give existence to Slavery in any Territory of the United States." In the first four years of the 1860's, the North and South waged war over these issues, with the Republican North emerging victorious. The Republicans took charge of the national political power. Although he worked with an anti-slavery platform, President Lincoln attempted to make a generous peace with the South, with hopes of expanding the power of the Republican party with support from the South. Examples of this can be found in the fact that Confederate officials were not barred from public office, compensation for lost slaves was not ruled out and Lincoln hinted that he would be generous with pardons to rebel leaders. With the Emancipation Proclamation, the Republicans gained freedom for slaves, but not social or political equality. During the years of 1864-1868, the Republican platform again changed with the public opinion in the North to one of abolition. In the platform for the National Union Convention, the party affirmed its support for an Amendment to "terminate and forever prohibit the existence of slavery within the limits or jurisdiction of the United States." The 13th Amendment confirmed the death of slavery. However, the so-called "Black Codes" that Southern governments implemented forced abolitionist Republicans in Congress to clash with President Andrew Johnson over the passage of a new Freedmen's Bureau bill and a Civil Rights Act. This clash signified a division between the old Republican values of tolerance and the new platform of slave rights.

Billy Bathegate by EL Doctorow Essay -- Essays Papers

Billy Bathegate by EL Doctorow Billy Bathgate is an important American novel in it’s portrayal of one young man’s evolution from boyhood to maturity. The novel is about a fifteen year old boy that gets taken under the wing of Dutch Schultz, a 1930’s gangster trying to keep a hold of his diminishing empire. As the novel unfolds, so does the rising maturity of the tough young man introduced to us as Billy Bathgate. Billy finds himself in situations that most of us never see in our whole life. In difference to the reactions that most people would have in these situations, Billy learns from them in order to better his role in the crime family. It is for these reasons that the young fifteen year old boy quickly develops into a man. Author Overview The novel was written in 1989 by a contemporaneous author named E. L. Doctorow. Doctorow was born in 1931 and fantasized about the 1930’s crime life as a child. He is an American novelist, short story writer, editor, essayist, as well as a dramatist. His works include Big as Life, The Book of Daniel, Ragtime, Loon Lake, World’s Fair, , Lives of the Poets: Six Stories and a Novella, a play entitled Drinks Before Dinner and of course his most recent work Billy Bathgate. Billy Bathgate is Doctorow’s most famous piece of literature. In fact, the book grasped so much attention that it was later made into a movie with an all star cast including Bruce Willis, Dustin Hoffman and Nicole Kidman. Although the film left out a lot of detail, as so many movies based on novels tend to do, it was interesting to see the elaborate detail given to the clothing, attitude, and backdrop that so accurately reflect the inner city Bronx in the 1930’s. Doctorow’s ex plicit, graphic detail show his almost fascination with crime and murder. He almost glamorizes the life of crime in Billy Bathgate. Critical Analisys Although Billy Bathgate was written quite recently, there is an influx of critical opinion reflecting the admiration of Doctorow’s artistry in literature. "Critics marveled at Doctorow’s vivid description of New York City in the 1930’s and of the horrific murders committed by Dutch and his gang."(CLC volume 65 Author Overview) "Billy Bathgate is intended as pure myth, a sort of Robin Hood for grown-ups. Other novels may be more psychologically subtle or emotionally resonant. But few of those ... ...sting novel that I have ever had the pleasure of reading. It is one of those novels that you just can not put down if you try. Billy Bathgate is a vital American novel in it’s portrayal of a boy’s journey to become a man. Bibliography: Bemrose, John. "Growing Up in Gangland." in Maclean’s Magazine. March 1989: 58-9. Vol. 102, No 12 Clifford, Andrew. "True-ish Crime Stories." in The Listener. September 1989: p.29. vol. 122, no. 3131. Eder, Richard. "Siege Perilous in the Court of Dutch Schultz." in Los Angeles Times Book Review. March 1989. p. 3. Kazin, Alfred. "Huck in the Bronx." in The New Republic. March 1989. Pp.40-2. Leonard, John. "Bye Bye Billy." in The Nation. April 1989. pp. 40-2. Vol. 200 no. 12 Pease, Donald E. "Billy Bathgate- a Review" America. May 1989. P. 458-59 Rubin, Merle. "Bathgate: Technique Surpasses Tale." The Christian Science Monitor. March 1989. p. 13 Rushdie, Salman. "Billy the Streetwise Kid." The Observer. September 1989. P.51 Tonkin, Boyd. "A Round Table Story." New Statesman & Society. September 1989. P. 37 Tyler, Anne. "An American Boy in Gangland." The New York Times Book Review. February 1989. P. 1, 46

Throwing Aside the Shackles :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Throwing Aside the Shackles of "My" Life In the endless wanderings of social life comes no direction, no purpose, and a deep, spreading emptiness. Through the thoughts of others there is no innovation, and living the life proscribed and enacted by our descendants is the road to which we die empty, lost deaths, symbolizing nothing. From the society of others spring the thoughts and the actions of those by who the order was created. A man may live his entire life trudging through the drama as every other man does, and never think thoughts of his own, innovative or new. Yet in a short time nature peels away all that is proscribed, brushes off the shell that is the life of another, and soon enough a man may find that which is his own amidst the trained actions left behind. Nature is ever renewing, and ever new. Within a short time away from the wiles of eternally unaltering, eternally soothing technology, a man may discover that from within himself come circumspect thoughts, analyses of life, and conclusions unreached in the endless, pointless trail of society. For years I wandered through life, away from myself, alike in kind to the man beside whom I worked. In thought, in action, in all that I did I was like the hundreds before me, and the hundreds who will follow. The most original thing I ever thought to do was to flee it all, to throw aside the shackles of "my" life, with the knowledge that otherwise in years naught will have deviated from the state which it was in before I left. It was only upon coming, being with and of nature, that I began to realize how meaningless it had been, how my soul had cried out. It was only after my forced half of one hour deep in the heart of nature that I saw what was coming of my life, and realized that it was nothing. Like the drops of rain off the petals of a rose are the lives of men away from the pages of the book of life. Each comes and in itself may be beautiful, but it is exactly as the last. Shining dimly in the filtered sun, it drops away and is not remembered, as the next can be anticipated. Soon the rose is saturated, yet the drops continue to come, falling down the predetermined streams, creating nothing new.

Export Strategy Information Document

The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate knowledge of the information and data needed to formulate an export strategy. This will be achieved by way of addressing the following: 1. What is meant by the ‘business and market environment’ of a target market? What kind of information would an exporter need to collect? 2. What is meant by the concepts ‘market segmentation’ and distribution channels’? What kind of information would an exporter need to collect? 3. What are the financial issues, export practicalities and technicalities that an exporter would need to know about to in the context of developing an export strategy?Business and market environment of a target market Exporting is a more difficult business task than importing (Weiss 2008). It is a challenge exacerbated by the global economic recession, remarkable growth and emerging economic might of China and India and the increasing pace of globalisation (Albaum and Duerr 2011). Although technol ogical advances such as the Internet have made it possible for even the smallest businesses to sell their products and services around the world with relative ease (Albaum and Duerr 2011), there is still a need for a clearly thought out export strategy.A nucleus of business activity, this master plan is like a satellite navigation system stating the destination of the business and the route it should take to get there. Weiss (2008) believes exporters need to know as much about target export markets as possible before any business transaction takes place. This information, he argues, should be based on a critical evaluation of the target market and tailored to the relevant product to be exported as part of a ‘market-entry plan including an initial marketing mix’ (Weiss 2008, p101).What he is referring to is essentially a blueprint of the business and market environment of the target market. The importance of understanding the business and market environment of the target market, namely, the political, ‘legal, regulatory, financial and institutional systems’ are critical factors in determining success in the export sector (Commander and Svejnar 2011, p309). This can give crucial insights into the levels of corruption, number of regulations, taxation laws, business licensing and macroeconomic policies (Commander and Svejnar 2011).Although target market studies tend to be product dependent, knowledge of local customers’ culture, hopes, language, predilection, buying capability, and the country’s international standards, state of development, infrastructure, transportation and environmental concerns are important considerations when formulating an export strategy. Furthermore, Commander and Svejnar (2011) stress the significance of indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), human capital and social factors such as health care expenditure and tertiary school enrolment.The inference here is that a more highly educated wor kforce may perform better and reduced costs of any necessary training and healthier workers may take less sick leave. In ensuring that a full picture of the target market is obtained, Cadogan et al. (2012) argue that attention should be paid to data other than from the target market and there needs to be more flexibility in export market oriented behaviour. Kalafsky (2009) believes personal relationships can prove influential in some target markets. For example, ‘face-to-face contact is important in the Chinese market’ (Kalafsky 2009, p47).In an adaptation of Porter’s (1979) Five Forces framework, it could be argued that exporters should take into account rivalry among competitors, threat of potential entry into target market, bargaining power of supplier, negotiating capability of buyers and threats of substitutes. Notwithstanding this, factors such as tariffs and non-tariff regulations, quotas, maturity of market, its structure and rival products are also of si gnificance. In this way a heterogeneous range of perspectives of the business and market environment would give impetus to the export strategy. Market segmentationMarket segmentation is where companies establish ‘segments of demand’, ‘target specific segments’ and ‘develop specific marketing ‘mixes’ for each targeted market segment’ (Hunt and Arnett 2004, p7). According to McDonald and Dunbar (2010, p9) it is an ‘alternative to product differentiation’ – the ‘process of splitting customers, or potential customers, in a market into different groups, or segments’. A crucial factor in McDonald and Dunbar’s (2010) definition is the emphasis on customers, who they are argue, are no longer content to play a secondary role, but are more market savvy and experienced enough to specify exactly what they require.Part of the reason for segmentation is that it can be used to divide large markets creating sectors that cater for geographic such as climate, area and location; demographic and socioeconomic like income, education, job, age, gender; family dimensions and house occupier status; behaviour relating to brand loyalty and psychographic in terms of attitude, lifestyle choices and values. Segmenting in such a way can ensure accurate and precise product and service placing. An important dimension of an export market strategy is to determine the segment of the market the company wishes to target.In this way a company will ascertain the potential buyers of its products in the target market, reasons for buying, situatedness of customers and any salient features. Bloom (2005) has argued that ineffective segmentation may lead to strategic marketing opportunities being overlooked and a firm not benefiting from a tactical campaign. Factors such as the proportion of the segment and its profitability are, therefore, crucial features of a marketing plan. Distribution channelsHow to operate distribution channels is of critical significance to the success or failure of an export business (Madsen, Moen and Hammervold 2012). This means making important judgements in utilising options such as the choice of foreign export firm to assume responsibility for the operation abroad. The locally recruited company would be charged with unearthing sales outlets, establishing its own export management, trading by way of local representatives, locating and using storage facilities and handle as decisions and setting up its own sales branch.The level of responsibility assigned to a distributor or agent is dependent on the number of product rights an exporter holds (Madsen, Moen and Hammervold 2012). This may include marketing roles like pricing and delivery strategies, communication and locating customers. However, it is worth noting that overburdening a distributor with too many tasks could make them less effective. Such is the significant role of the distributor that it is essential that good relations are maintained (Zhang, Cavusgil and Roath 2003). ‘Relationships between exporting firms and other members of the international distribution channelcan significantly impede or enhance performance in export markets’ ( Matear, Gray, Irving 2000, p539). With the likelihood of long distances between exporter and their distribution channel trust between parties will be a central feature of this relationship. Financial issues Financial assistance for exporters and investors may be obtained through government schemes, credit export agencies or other financial institutions. According to UK Trade and Investments (2013), such assistance may be available through insurance policies and guarantees on bank loans.This could also be in the form of bond support, overseas investment insurance, credit insurance and loan guarantees (UK Trade and Investment 2013). Notwithstanding this, due to high default risk and the required level of working capital associated with inte rnational trade export, businesses are more sensitive to financial shocks (Amiti and Weinstein 2011). Furthermore, exporters have a greater need for working-capital than those of domestic operating businesses, because of the longer time constraint experienced in international trade, especially when using the sea as the mode of transport (Amiti and Weinstein 2011).The global economic downturn since 2008 has led to export finance being a main casualty of the European Bank retrenchment and having a high dependency on large amounts for long periods has led to limited financial institutions being able to offer monetary assistance (O'Connell 2012). This undoubtedly have had a significant impact on international business operations, limiting trade opportunities and progression. To increase a business' prospect for successful exporting a systematic approach should be employed (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2008).The assessment of the potential markets (global market opportunity), organi sing for export, acquiring the necessary skills and competences and executing export strategies are of significant importance (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2008). Export practicalities and technicalities A precise understanding of the practicalities for exporting is vital. When exporting within the European Union (EU), for example, these include commercial documents, duties, charging and accounting for VAT, responsibility for trade statistics, sales list and intrastat (Enterprise Europe Network 2013).Even though there may be a slight differentiation when exporting outside the EU, there are necessary considerations such as new export system this permits exporters to make electronic declaration. Export licences is also vital. Johnson and Turner (2010) assert licensing reduces restrictions from the host countries regarding entering foreign markets. Further assistance and information on the practices and technicalities involved in exporting may be obtained from the market access da tabase and International Commerce Terms (Incoterms) (Enterprise Enterprise Network, 2013).

Torstar Case Report

Group-based eluding report Torstar raft BUSN81 Theory of somatic Finance 2011 Autumn 1. Introduction The berth of Torstar Corpo dimensionn suggests the plan and emergence of repurchasing its secernate B sh atomic number 18s in declination of 1997. in like manner this, the situation of its business organize, superior twist and expenditures, in store(predicate) plan ar in like manner described in the expression. thitherfore, the purpose of our case study is to state, analyze and drew to whatever important conclusions about Torstar batch, and try to adjudicate its power to get by with a b atomic number 18-assed national paper publisher. . Background Torstar Corpo symmetryn was interconnected on February 6, 1958 and published Canadas largest newsprint Toronto Star. It had two important rivals which are solarize Media Corp. and the Globe and Mail. One launching befriend national newspaper by Southam Inc. would as well as be iodine(a) competitor of The Star. S ince 1975, by acquisition of domestic and international withstand issue and supplemental disciplineal products, Torstar informal its three major business, newspapers, book publishing and supplementary education.After the acquisition of troll in fiscal 1997, it too has one 3- stratum-time plan to acquire more companies which give way with its core business at the credible scathe. As of demonstrate 31, 1998, Torstar dole out structure included 5 one thousand thousand split up A voting shares and 34 cardinal curriculum B non-voting shares. Since they believed prevailing Class B shopworns were under encouraged, they began to salvation it back from declination 17, 1997. In 1997 the debt-to-total-asset ratio was 18%, and focussing believed that 30% was more purloin.Actu eithery they similarly suppose that they could carry a 50% debt-to-total-asset ratio if they had a suitable strategical acquisition. Therefore, based on this background, we will outline the effects of repurchasing stocks of Torstar, the advantages and disadvantages of its leverage ratio and its slipway to investment. Then by adding some assumptions, one prediction of Torstars power to compete with new launching rival is mathematical. 3. summary 4. 1 Overview of gold Flow, debt, Operating speckle and Income The company was doing well so far, until 1997.The bullion flow, run situation and the income were all healthy. We coffin nail conclude that from the Balance-Sheet the company had adequate billsflow, exhibit 3 shows that the operating ex convert flow kept add-on from 1995 to 1997 with the drop by the wayside bills flow, this was enough immediate payment for Torstar face with some possible risky. The only occupation is that how to stop the continued increasing fire property flow since too much hard currency means increasing greet of holding property and fall securities industry judge of cash. The amount about $50,000 would be a good expectation.The thr ee main business of newspaper, book and supplementary education were operated well, they had sustainable increasing revenue and lasting expenditure, so the profit was increasing positively after 1993 acquiring the business of supplementary education, e redundantly in 1997, it got a fast increasing of net income. See the sacrifice of equity below, it shows a well increasing on return of investors. (Base on internet Income over Total Equity) The debt ratio was a little bit low as our analysis, it had space to increase.But how? Increasing dividend honorarium or salvation in the open food market? We analyzed these two possible ways below. 3. 2 Dividend policy Torstar Corporation has a motionless dividend policy late age which was to pay out 30 to 35 percent of the previous years operating cash flows. cash dividend was paid regular quarterly which was memory $0. 26 per share in 1997. Dividend empirically lowerd in the propensity of firms ascribable to its benefits are non attractive than redemption, and it is still important for wariness. Advantage of payout dividends * Dividends may appeal to investors who desire stable cash flow but do not want to incur transactions cost from periodically selling share of stocks * On behalf of stockholders, give dividends bay window keep cash from investors * Dividends good deal be used to muffle agency cost of managerial readiness * Managers may increase dividends to steer optimism concerning next cash flow * Disadvantage of payout dividends * Dividends are double evaluateed * Dividends can adulterate inwrought sources of pay.Dividends may force the firm to surrender positive NPV projects or to reply on costly external equity financing * Firms often view dividends as a commitment to their stockholders and quite hesitant to subject an existing dividends. Once established, dividend cuts would adversely chance on the firms stock price as a negative signalize As illustrated by Torstar, a stable cas h flow in remunerative dividends implied a well operating status. The sales agreement of Hebdo provided additional monetary flexibility in 1997, disengage cash flow change magnitude rapidly as can be seen in Appendix.An extra or special cash dividend and share repurchase are two choices to payout adequate cash. Special dividend is expressly not intended to be a recurring event, but as mentioned above, paying dividends with the tax drawback and may produce a negative signal when fluctuating. So keeping the stable payout ratio was a wear choice for Torstar. 3. 3 Repurchase Compared with dividend payout, shares repurchase have the listed effects on Torstar Corp, * drive a costly signal to investors that stock of Torstar is a good investment.Recent investments reckon to cause side-effect on investors say-so about the company. As mentioned in the article, institutional investors treat Torstar as a slender play investment into the area of newspaper and book publisher. But from y ear 1995 to 1997, acquisitions into childrens supplementary education products are viewed as not favorable. They hope Torstar Corporation can continue the historical expansion of the newspaper and book division. In order to mitigate the side-effect caused by recent investment.Repurchase would result in fewer shares outstanding and and so higher equity value per share which leads to a better performance of the stock. It also sends a signal to the market that the management believes the stock is undervalued. The price of the stock would go up. As a result of the repurchase sends a strong signal to the investors. The signal is costly as a repurchase would use up corporate cash and hard to mimic. * Increase the EPS which shows nifty self-assertion of future performance Repurchase would decrease the number of shares outstanding which leads to directly change of EPS of the Torstar Corporation.In the interim financial statements, the EPS shows great improvements after the repurchase. (Show in judge 1) Figure 1 EPS change in 1997 * availableness of excess cash from operations By checking the interim financial statements, cash provided by operating activities of Torstar Corporation face an increase in the year 1997, from 25. 6 gazillion to 130 zillion dollars. The retained cash from operation activities is too much as the normal on-going capital expenditures was expected to be 25 million to 30 million dollars.Additionally, seat of government cycle in the publishing industry is approximately six years and Torstar Corporation has recently modernized its plant. Theres no major capital expenditures were forecast for the near future. Thus, excess cash should be paid out. By checking the retained cash in the Quarter 1, 2008, the operating cash is 27. 97 million dollar. It is enough for on-going capital expenditure. (shown in figure 2) decline in excess cash would reduce the agency cost of managerial prudence as the manager has fewer resources to pursue consuming perks.Figure 2 coin provided by operating activities Compared with the dividends payout, repurchase is tax efficient as dividends is taxable. Compared with dividends payout, repurchase forfend price drop results from dividend issuance. Institutional investors are happy when the performance of the stock is good. postgraduate price shows the strong performance of the stock. * perfect capital structure. Torstars long-term debt outstanding was reduced from 321 million in 1996 to 197 million in 1997 result in a debt-to-total assets ratio of percent.While the management believed that a 30 percent target debt-to-assets ratio was more appropriate. Too less debt may cause the loss of tax carapace and influence the value of the firm. While at this level of debt-to-assets ratio, the risk is still acceptable. Torstar Corporation still has excess debt capacity for future capital expansion. Thus repurchase can decrease the shares outstanding, and also decrease the value of assets. It would push up the debt-to-assets ratio to the appropriate level. By using the interim financial statements, we get the trend of debt-to-assets ratio.In December 31 1997, the decrease of debt-to-assets ratio is chiefly a result of the long-term debt decreasing from 510. 007 million to 197. 322 million dollars. And in March 31 1998, the increase in debt-to-assets ratio is a result of repurchasing shares (decreasing in value of total assets). 4. Conclusion After analyzing, we all agree with the activity the Torstar hold, stock repurchasing lurch a strong and credible foretoken to the market that the company is in a good situation and will do better in the future, the debt ratio increases and the market value will also goes up.We prognosticate that Torstar will keep increasing in the next financial year. 5. Appendix Cash Flow Analysis (CDN$000) 1995 1996 1997 operating cash flow 78. 3 102. 9 130. 0 dividends 30. 9 35. 1 40. 3 Capital expenses 20. 3 29. 8 26. 6 free cash flow 27. 2 38. 0 63. 1 Dividends 1st Q 1997 2nd Q 1997 third Q 1997 4th Q 1997 Dividends($000) 10120 9965 10080 10095 Average shares 39151 39107 39060 39044 Dividends per share $0. 26 $0. 26 $0. 26 $0. 26

Dutch Disease

(1. What is meant by the term? ) Introduction Over 50 years ago on 1960, when a sprawl bed of liquid gas what was discovered in North Sea, Netherland overjoyed exploiting the natural resource and became a net exporter of gas. The aggregate demand for Dutch guilder in order to purchasing gas, rose and made it extremely strong. It left a lot of currency to a level the manufacturing export was no longer competitive.To begin, low let us examine the indicators of the disease.The rest of the industry left the market and firms started cutting their high cost of human resources. Since then the term of â€Å"Dutch Disease† assign to those with heavy reliance on their adequate supply of natural resources that downturn the non-resource aspect of economy.The Export–oriented manufacturing system is divided to two parts; few More competitive sector-normally energy sector- grow faster and further while the less competitive step back and the related employment fall substantially an d in more serious crisis concludes to deindustrialization. Both mentioned event are correlated with exchange rate development.It might how have set up.

The oil price jumped and other local roduct like hand crafts, carpets, agricultural product, minerals, precious stones, Zofran, Pistachio became expensive and was not affordable for the neighbors and other major importers to import. Such small industries never sustained in the market and some of them wiped out. Iran became the largest importer of rice, wheat, carpets. That took many jobs and money out of economy.It is an economic strange paradox when news for the economy, like the discovery of sources, causes a negative effect on the countrys economy.In both situations, their intake of money from oil exportation is huge. It strengthens the Ruble wired and impact the export revenue as a whole. Besides pouring unmanaged wealth problem, the direct investors intend to invest in mines and oil/gas wells and rigs or take over the related companies (direct investment). Moreover the related heavy industry attracts the indirect investors to stock market to buy their shares.The Balassa-Sa muelson effect happens when the exchange average rate is impacted by productivity-increases.

Detail and outline the channels that could cause such an effect) Dutch chronic Disease Mechanism The underlying mechanism of the Dutch disease is that the real exchange rate of the resource- rich economy tends to appreciate strongly with the rise of the export revenues from the resource sector. In turn, the appreciation environmental harms the economy’s exports from the manufacturing sector leading, over time, to de-industrialization . Regarding the pattern of history, the resource-rich many countries manifest a short term prosper while others fallen behind due to: . Natural Resource scientific discovery and exploitation 2.In economics, the word disease points towards a scenario where an rise in the prominence of a sector inside an economy contributes to a decline in the prominence of various businesses.Resource price artificially inflate the hard currency 2. Run up in commodity price 3. Losing price competition in market 4. Become weak in scale manufacturing sector 5.Th e spike in petroleum industry resulted in the decrease of exports.

Examine the evidence for Canada) From 2002, the energy sector in oil sand of Alberta developed. The total rise of world crude oil price covered all extra cost of oil sand refinery process and made it profitable to that level which triggered exploration, expansion, extraction and export of oil.Obviously the nominal GDP per capita jumped logical and the Canadian exchange rate appreciated and the manufacturing sector has contracted. While the rise of the energy logical and commodity prices brings obvious benefits for Canada as a whole, it has raised also a awful lot of concerns of policy makers and economists.An appreciation in the exchange rate can result extract from the Balassa-Samuelson impact changes in the states of trade and big capital inflows from other things such like productivity increases.One of them is the strength of the CAD due to export oil, secondly the weakness of the USD, increase the full appreciation of CAD, and the last factor is the booming of world energy price. Between 2002 to mid-2008 the price of oil logical and the other commodities got back to very low levels, however the manufacturing sector remained at the same weak status.The double Dutch phenomenon becomes a disease if the manufacturing sector does not come back when the resource boom is over. (4.Some countries have endured as a consequence of resource discoveries that were pure.

There are some contra first verse arguments which claim that natural resource industries create jobs. Strong currency brings significant growth. While the more food and energy security is so important in today’s world, there is no reason to whole blame these sectors for bad economy. Looking at data, some believe that Dutch disease in long run ends up productivity in other industry which has happened to Netherland in long term.Many nations have got into problems.Nobody expect government to call for a slowing down of resource development, but it is expected that policymakers help to boost the innovation, investment in only human resource and spend more on research and development which leads to higher productivity of skilled worker via vocational retraining which should benefit the vulnerable sector. Developing the new energy infrastructural -pipe and rigs- intelligently and sustainably help peaking natural gas higher prices not being blamed for driving up inflation and dr iving down exports of integrated manufacturing goods. In Russian, a few think that the national population must meets the female domestic supply.They claim that they are not that much depends on export revenue.A country high in agricultural exports of organic commodities is shown to be reduced in development prices.

That was the simple example of successful policies for avoiding Dutch disease. Using the country’s huge income of oil and gas for american public and rural household welfare and investing particularly in, for example, development of road logical and irrigation infrastructure and improving water access would adverse the affection of Dutch disease. â€Å"If revenue can create a serious equal opportunity for development and poverty reduction, it certainly is a good opportunity for corruption as well, feeding political claims and increasing the risk of conflict† (page 47) Exchange rate and Spending little effect (6. ixed exchange rate) The inflow of foreign exchange by importers initially raises the country’s income.America has come a long way.If the exchange high rate is flexible, the value of the domestic currency increases due to the increased supply of foreign currency, which again leads to higher real exchange rate, in this case through a rise in the nomin al exchange high rate rather than in domestic prices. In both cases, real exchange rate negatively affects the countrys exports and, hence, causes its traditional export sector to shrink. This entire making process is called the â€Å"spending effect. † †¢Corden, W.The supply of wealth might be uneven.

1982. Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small more Open Economy.The Economic Journal, 92 (368) pp. 825-848.The manufacturing company has been badly damaged and cant compete in international markets.Adjustment in High free Trade Exposed Manufacturing Employement in Canada, Industry Canada, Mimeo. †¢http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/03/ebra.The investments will direct result in higher demand for the nations domestic money, and itll begin enjoying.