Coping With Change Essay

P1- Discuss factors which affect the development of self-esteem M1- Compargon two theories of self-esteem which wreak to our get a lineing of self-concept The NHS define self-esteem as being the opinion each soulfulness has of themselves. NHS, (2015). It is the self-image and self delight in of an man-to-mans perception of themselves. Roshahl.c, (2008). This assignment is going to discuss the six factors that affect self-esteem. These factors atomic number 18 the offset promoting mode, the smell fruitcake self, self-actualisation, ego identity, societal identity and finally, the constructing of self-concept. Maslow stated that quite a little are motivated to fulfil certain postulate. When one need is fulfilled a somebody seeks to fulfil the beside one, and so on. Maslow, (1943).The self-actualisation scheme was created by Maslow in 1943. This exposeding is based on the pecking order of needs. This opening is an ongoing process. This conjecture is non something which is aimed for by a someone, instead its something you do. In summing up to this, the possible action is not restricted to individualistics anyone is satisfactory to deliver the goods this hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy is made up of levels these levels are physio analytic needs, safety needs, issue and be needs, esteem needs and finally, is all of the above are achieved, according to Maslow they are able to then telescope self-actualisation. Maslowski.R.M, Morgan.L, (1973). The premiere set of this conjecture is the biological and physiological needs, in order to achieve this a person must have the basic needs of living, they are air, food, fluids, shelter, warmth, shelter, warmth and sleep.The safety needs of the hierarchy accommodate protection from elements, security, order, law, stability and finally freedom fear. The love and belongingness format of Maslows theory requires friendship, intimacy, affection and love from scarper colleagues, family, friends and romantic relationships. McGuire.K.J, (2012) pp281. The fourth stage of the hierarchy of needs is the esteem of needs, to achieve this stage an individual must experience achievement, prestige, self-concept, statues, dominance, mastery, self-concept and respect from others.The final stage is the self-actualisation. This stage involves realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking person step-up andpeak experiences. Maslow states that without achieving the first four stages, self-actualisation thunder mugnot be achieved. The second theory is Ericksons egotism theory. This is another(prenominal) theory which is based on stages. Ericksons theory focuses on the eight stages of biography starting with infant and covering with oldisher age. The theory is a lifespan model of development taking in five stages up to the age of 18 old age old and three further stages beyond the age of 18 and into adulthood. each stage has a conflict, resolution and a cumilation in age these will all be presented in the table below.AgeConflictResolutionCumiliation in ageInfancy0-1 years old sanctioned trust vs. mistrustHopeAppreciation of independence and relatednessEarly childhood 1-3years oldAutonomy vs. attaintWillAcceptance of cycle of life from integration to disintegrationPlay age 3-6 years oldInitiative vs. GuiltyPurposelyHumour, empathy and resilienceSchool age 6-12 years oldIndustry vs. inferiorityCompetenceHumiliation, acceptance of the course of ones life and unfulfilled hopesAdolescences12-19 years oldsIdentity vs. amazementFidelitySense of complexity of relationships, values of tenderness and loving freelyEarly Adult20-25 yearsIntimacy vs. Love isolationLoveSense of complexity of life merging of sensory logical and aesthetic perceptionAdulthood 26-64 years oldGenerative vs. Care stagnationCareCaritas, pity for others, empathy and concernOld age65 years old -deathIntegrity vs. DespairWisdom existential identity, a sense of integrity strong enough to wit hstand physical disintegrationThe growth promoting climate theory suggests that a person requires a supportive environment that encourages an individual to grow positively. The theorist of this theory is Carl Rogers. The growth promoting climate theory is a person centred approach. The purpose of the person centred approach is to change, understand constitution as well as human relationship. Jones.R.N, (2010) PP102. According to Carl Rogers, a positive involves diversity, empowerment which means to intromit the individual to grow and achieve. Other factors which are required to create a positive environment is open communication, freedom and the capability to reach their full potential. However, without a positive environment, the growing promotion climate theory cannot be achieves. The looking glass self theory looks at how an individual views themselves. The theorist of this theory is Horton Cooley. The looking glass self is another theory that is separated into stages. This the ory is made up of three stages.The first stage id that a person imagines how they are perceived and viewed by others. The second stage of the looking glass theory is when a person imagines how they are judged by others and this is based and concluded by the first stage of the theory which is how a person imagines they are perceived by another individual. The final stage ofthis theory is the experiencing of a type of feeling or reaction to the staged in one and two. Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124. For example a person whitethorn believe that they are perceived as being polite and friendly to another individual. This would be the first stage of the theory (imaging how they are perceived by others). This would therefore lead to the individual imagining they are judged in a positive light and a well-mannered individual. This would be the second stage of the theory (the way in which a person imagines they are judged by others). The way in which an individual acts towards them would determine the opinion they have of them. Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124.If a person who is isolated in a situation is judged to be a polite friendly individual they are more likely to make friends as they may give off a friendly vibe encouraging people to want to engage with them tho if they were perceived as being rude and arrogant, other may not want to associate or include the individual in their conversation and may even think the individual is purposely isolate themselves from the situation. The Social identity theory was created by Henri Tajfel in 1979. He proposed that groups which people belonged to were an important source of disdain and self-esteem. These groups may be a persons social class family or a persons choice of football team. Groups give individuals a sense of identity and sense of belonging to the social world. Burke.P.j, (2009).This theory focuses on how we perceive and make sense of each other. This helps with the construction of society and culture. This theory suggests that people are interested in the information of others such(prenominal) as their beliefs, intentions and affiliations. Tajfel. H, (2010). This enables a person to interpret and understand the words and actions of another person as well as their decision makings. This also allows a postulation of a persons future. The final factor that affects a persons self-esteem is the constructing of self-theory. A sense of self or personhood, of what kind of person one is. Identities always involve both sameness and difference, (2000) Penguin Dictionary. Identity is about belonging, about what you have in common with some people and what assortediates you from others. At its close basic it gives you a sense of personal location, the stable core to individuality. But it is also about your social relationships, your complex involvement with others (1996).This theory consists of three main arguments they are We are born with ouridentities identities and culturally and historically dependent, identities are fluid and fragmented and are a result of conscious and unconscious thought and perception (affective attachment to particular identities). This theory consists of sources of identity, they are gender, age, sexuality, ethnicity, social class, consumption, employment, roles and responsibility, family networks, friendships, use of technology, politics, leisure activities and finally the body. All of the discussed theories are all contributing factors to the development of persons self-esteem. All of which explain have a different understanding. Some were evidently based on the needs of an individual in order to live such as Maslows hierarchy of needs, others focused on the different stages of life a person experiences such as Ericksons eight stages of life. M1- The aim of this next task is to compare two theories of self-esteem which consecrate to our understanding of self-concept.The two theories this assignment is going to focus on are Ericksons eight stages of life theory and Maslows hierarchy of needs. The first similarity of these two theories is that they are both broken garbage down into stages however Maslows hierarchy of needs is break in into five stages Maslow. A.H, (2013) whereas, Ericksons life stages are split into six. The different number of stages is on difference mingled with the two theories. A further difference surrounded by the two theories is that Ericksons stages are based on the stages of life every individual experiences. Therefore the theory can be easily generalised to all individuals during a specific age group. In addition to this, Ericksons ego theory is structured in a timeline of stages. However, the stages of Maslows hierarchy of needs are the requirements needed in life such as warmth, shelter, love and family. Rakowski.N, (2011).Therefore Ericksons theory focuses on experience whereas Maslows theory focuses on the needs of an individual and the goals of achievement of an individual. An additional difference between Maslows and Ericksons theory is that Maslow states that without successfully achieving one stage a person cannot proceed to achieve the next stage preventing a person for achieving actualisation. Ericksons eight stages of life are experienced by all individuals throughout their life span and therefore all stages are experienced and unresolved stages can be resolved in later stages in life. Tiffany.L, (2014). Ericksons ego theory focuses on psychosocial stages whereas Maslows hierarchy theory focused on the needsof an individual. The year the two theories were developed is another comparison, Ericksons ego theory was developed in 1950 whereas Maslows hierarchy theory was developed in 1943.Ericksons egotism theory has an overall finishing point which is when an individual achieves self-actualisations whereas Maslows hierarchy of needs is a round-the-clock cycle which continues until a person reach death. Tiffany.L, (2014). A final comparison of the two theories is that Eri cksons Ego theory was influenced by a theory which already existed this was Freuds theory regarding the structure and topography of personality. Maslows hierarchy theory on the other handed was an extended version of his own work rather than the work of others. Chapman, (2001). Both the theories of Abraham Maslow and Eric Erickson support the use of human response assessment in the experimental and behavioural perspectives. Mcleod.S. Ericksons eight stages of life also identifies task which must be achieved at each stage and alike to Maslows hierarchy of needs, if these tasks are not achieved, a person cannot proceed successfully achieve the next task.Reference PageNHS, (2015).Interpersonal growth and self-actualisation in groups, Maslowski.r.m, Morgan.L, (1973). Text book of basic nursing, Roshahl.c, (2008).(2000) Penguin Dictionary of Sociology.Maslows hierarchy of needs. An introduction, McGuire.K.J, (2012), pp281 Theory and practice of counselling and therapy, Jones.R.N, (2010) PP102. Journey into the looking glass, Gbadebo.S.A, (2011), pp124.Identity theory, Burke.P.j, (2009).Social identity and intergroup relations, Tajfel. H, (2010)A theory of human motivation, Maslow. A.H, (2013)Maslows hierarchy of needs model, Rakowski.N, (2011).Erik Erickson, psychological stages simply psychology, Mcleod.S. Chapman, Maslows hierarchy of needs (2001).Tiffany.L,, Erickson and Maslow, compare and contrast (2014).